KVG Quartz Crystal Technology位于德国内卡比绍夫海姆（Neckarbishofsheim）市中心，坐落在一座庄严的石头建筑中，致力于实现其对电子核心技术的长期承诺。任何带有振荡器或时钟的系统都需要精确的频率基准，理想情况下，该基准不会引入相位噪声或抖动，并且对温度和振动稳定。石英晶体长期以来一直是此类源的主要频率参考，KVG是最早开发和商业化该技术的公司之一。

KVG由物理学家Kurt Klingsporn于1946年成立，kristlerverarbeitungsgesellschaft Neckarbischofsheim（内卡比绍夫斯海姆的晶体加工公司），已将其能力从晶体扩展到设计和制造使用晶体技术的振荡器，如温度补偿晶体振荡器（TCXO）、烤箱控制晶体振荡器（OCXO）以及压控晶体振荡器（VCXO）。KVG还开发了晶体滤波器，通常是切比雪夫或巴特沃斯设计的，中心频率在5到200MHz之间，带宽在1.5到75kHz之间。

Fortiming晶体谐振器XCS21-26M000-1E10C10的基本技术

石英晶体谐振器（通常称为“晶体”）因其无与伦比的高Q值、稳定性、小尺寸和低成本组合而广泛用于频率控制应用。已经研究了许多不同的物质作为可能的谐振器材料，但是多年来，石英谐振器在满足精确频率控制的需求方面一直是优选的。与其他谐振器相比，例如LC电路、音叉之类的机械谐振器以及基于压电陶瓷谐振器或其他单晶材料的谐振器，石英谐振器具有独特的综合性能。

首先，单晶石英的材料特性在时间、温度和其他环境变化下极其稳定，并且从一个样本到另一个样本具有高度可重复性。石英的声学损耗或内部摩擦非常低，这直接导致石英谐振器的关键特性之一，即其极高的Q因子。石英的本征Q值约为1071兆赫时。安装的谐振器通常具有几万到几十万的Q因子，比最好的LC电路好几个数量级。

QVS TECH INC has been successfully supplying high quality Frequency Control Products for over 20 years.   As a Women Owned Small Business headquarters in Carlsbad CA, QVS TECH INC has established a reputation of providing superior service to our customers and quick deliveries.

Chairman and CEO, Mr Arthur Lee established the parent company, Kolinker Industrial Equipments, Ltd. in 1983. The main strategic focus was on designing and producing quartz crystal equipment. The motto of the company is to act as a CORE of various up-to-date high technologies and to LINK these technologies to specific fields of industry: the CORE-LINKER, hence KOLINKER.

By 1989, the Group diversified into the quartz crystal manufacturing and trading and Hong Kong X’tals Ltd was formed in 1991. The global brand “HKC” has since gained wide recognition in global automotive, electronic networking and industrial/consumer electronic appliances industries. All the production plants at Zibo, Qingdao and Shenzhen in China are endowed with QS9000 and TS16949 certification.

石英晶体谐振器在电子学中的重要性在于其极高的Q值、相对较小的尺寸和优异的温度稳定性。

石英晶体谐振器利用石英的压电特性直接压电效应是指机械应力作用下某些材料产生的电极化效应。逆效应是指同一材料在电场作用下产生的变形。

在石英晶体谐振器中，在两个电极之间放置一薄片石英，其相对于晶体轴以适当的方向切割。施加在这些电极上的交流电压会使石英同时振动。伴随而来的极化变化构成了通过谐振器的电位移电流。

当外加电压的频率接近石英薄片的机械共振频率之一时，振动的振幅变得很大。伴随的位移电流也会增大，因此器件的有效阻抗会减小。在石英晶体谐振器作为晶体振荡器的频率控制元件的应用中，阻抗随共振附近频率的变化而迅速变化是关键因素。

在电气方面，石英晶体可以用图1中的等效电路表示，其中串联组合r1、l1和c1表示压电效应对阻抗的贡献，c0表示电极之间的并联电容以及任何杂散保持器电容。电感l1是石英质量的函数，而电容c1与其刚度相关。电阻r1是石英和安装装置损耗的结果。等效电路的参数测量精度可达1%左右。

等效电路的电抗频率图如图2所示。晶振性能的相关公式有很多，其中第一个是fs。这是晶体串联共振的频率，由下式给出： 

其中fs以赫兹表示，l1以亨利表示，c1以法拉表示。 

典型晶体参数值

校准公差

校准公差是晶体在特定温度、基准温度（通常为25°C）下频率的最大允许偏差。

频率稳定性

晶振不稳定有多种原因。温度变化和质量的物理变化导致了我们称之为老化的长期漂移，这可能是我们最关心的问题。

通过适当选择晶振切割和（对于严格的公差要求）在晶振电路中包括与温度相关的电抗，或在小烤箱中保持恒定温度，可将温度变化的影响降至最低。at-cut晶体是当今应用最广泛的晶振，因为它们的频率-温度曲线家族很容易以低成本为所有应用（除了最苛刻的应用）提供良好的性能。

未补偿的AT切割晶体可以在-10°C到60°C的范围内规定公差为±5ppm，更宽的温度范围需要更大的公差，如图3所示，显示了AT切割频率温度曲线的典型系列这些曲线可以用三次方程表示，并且强烈依赖于石英坯料的切割角度零温度系数的点称为上下拐点通过选择切割角度，可以将一个转折点放置在需要的位置；然后固定另一个转折点，因为这两个转折点在20°~30°C范围内的某个点上是对称的。转弯点之间的坡度随着它们一起移动而变小。设计用于烘箱的晶体被切割，以便上转折点与烘箱工作温度一致。

图4显示了几个低频切割的频率-温度曲线。J-cut在10kHz以下使用，而XY-cut可以在3kHz到85kHz之间使用。可在10KHz范围内使用NT切割。dt-cut适用于100khz至800khz左右，ct-cut适用于300khz至900khz。

负载电容

晶振可以由其制造商在fr处进行校准，在fr处它们看起来是电阻的（或非常接近fr的fs），或者在与电容性负载共振时，它们当然必须是电感的。后一种情况称为负载共振，通常用符号fl表示；更具体地说，符号f30，例如，表示晶体与30pF电容性负载共振的频率。

晶体电抗曲线上需要校准的点由电路结构决定一般来说，振荡器中的非反相保持放大器需要在fr处校准，而反相放大器需要在“负载电容”cl的某个值处校准。后一种配置依赖于电感晶体以及与之共振的负载电容，提供180度的相位偏移。

该规则最常见的例外是，当小电容器（例如变容二极管）与非反相放大器电路中的晶体串联以提供一定程度的频率调整时。在这种情况下，必须用电容的平均值校准晶体的共振。

 可拉性 

晶体的可拉性是在给定的负载电容变化下测量其频率变化的一种方法。这通常表示为串联谐振频率（fr）和负载谐振频率（fL）之间的差异该偏移量可使用分数负载谐振频率偏移量（dl）以百万分之几计算，即给定值cl时，从fr到fl的实际频率变化。

  其中C1，C0和CL均以相同单位表示。图5显示了频率变化相对于负载电容变化的影响的典型曲线。

 另外，通常将晶体的可拉性表示为修整灵敏度，单位为ppm / pF负载电容变化。 通过ppm / pF给出：

其中C1，C0和CL以pF为单位，并且在图6中以图形方式显示了（C0 + CL）的各种值。

The 'ageing' of a quartz crystal results in a small change of frequency over time and this effect may have to be taken into account by the customer when designing their circuit depending upon the overall specification that needs to be achieved. There are two main causes of ageing in quartz crystals, one due to mass-transfer and the other due to stress.

Mass-Transfer

Any unwanted contamination inside the device package can transfer material to or from the SMD CRYSTALcausing a change in the mass of the quartz blank which will alter the frequency of the device. For example, the conductive epoxy used to mount the quartz blank can produce 'out-gassing' which can create oxidising material within the otherwise inert atmosphere inside the sealed crystal package and so this production process must be well controlled. Ideally the manufacturing method is as clean as possible to negate any effects and give good ageing results.

Stress

This can occur within various components of the crystal from the processing of the quartz blank, the curing of the epoxy mounting adhesive, the crystal mounting structure and the type of metal electrode material used in the device.Heating and cooling also causes stress due to different expansion coefficients. Stress in the system usually changes over time as the system relaxes and this can cause a change in frequency.

Ageing in practice

When looking at example ageing test results of crystals,it can be seen that the change in frequency is generally greatest in the 1st year and decays away with time. It must be noted however that for example if a device is specified at ±5ppm max per year; it does not follow that the ageing after 5 yrs will be ±5ppm x 5yrs, i.e. ±25ppm. In practice,the example ±5ppm ageing device may be only ±1ppm to ±2ppm in the 1st year of operation and then reduces over subsequent years. It is common to use a general 'guide-rule' for crystal ageing of ±10ppm max over 10 years although in reality it is usually much less than this. It is impossible to predict the exact ageing of a device as even parts made at the same time and from the same batch of quartz will exhibit slightly different ageing characteristics.The production process must be consistent from part to part, from the manufacture of the quartz blank, the electrode size and its placement, to the epoxy used to mount the quartz and its curing thermal profile, all have a slight affect on frequency. Devices can age negatively or positively depending upon the internal causes although parts from one batch tend to follow similar results. Generally the ageing effect is negative in over 90% of parts manufactured.

Accelerated ageing

It is common industry practice to use an accelerated ageing process to predict long term frequency movement by soaking devices at elevated temperatures and measuring frequency movement at relevant intervals. It is normal to test crystals using a passive test (i.e. non-powered). The general rule used is that soaking a crystal at +85℃ for 30 days is equivalent to 1 year of ageing at normal room temperature. If this test is extended for enough time then the recorded data can be plotted graphically to enable via extrapolation, the prediction of future long term ageing.

Frequency adjustment

Note that the ageing of quartz effectively changes the frequency tolerance of the crystal and does not directly influence the stability of the quartz over temperature to any great degree as this parameter is dictated by the 'cut-angle' of the quartz used. If using quartz oscillators that have a voltage-control function such as VCXOs, TCXOs or OCXOs, the output frequency can be adjusted back to its nominally specified value.

Design

The engineer designing a circuit using either a crystal or oscillator will generally know what overall stability figure their equipment must meet over a particular time period.

As the tolerance and/or stability of a device decreases then the more important ageing becomes. For example using a TCXO at ±1ppm stability over temperature will require ageing to be kept to relatively small values. However, if the total frequency movement allowance of a design is for example ±200ppm and a device with a rating of ±100ppm is used then a small amount of ageing can effectively be ignored.

About Crystal parameters description,Crystal Project Name

AT Cut Crystals

For precise frequency control in radio and line communication systems, quartz crystal resonators have proved indispensable. The material properties of crystalline quartz are such that quartz resonators display stableness and Q factors that cannot be matched by other types of resonator over the frequency range from 1 MHz to 200 MHz.

Equivalent Circuit

Fig-1 shows the conventionally accepted equivalent circuit of a crystal resonator at a frequency near its main mode of vibration. The inductance LI reiperesents the vibrating mass, the series capacitance CL the compliance of the quartz element and the resistance Rl the internal frication of the element, mechanical losses in the mounting system and acoustical losses to the surrounding environment.

The shunt capacitance Co is made up of the static capacitance between the electrodes, togettier with stray capacitances of the mounting system. 

There are two zero-phase frequencies associated with this simple circuit, one is at series resonance fs, another at antiresonance fa. When used in an oscillator, crystal units will operate at any frequency within the broken lines of Fig-2 as determined by the phase of the maintaining circuit.

By changing of this reactive condition, the crystal frequency may be trimmed in a limited extent. The degree to which this frequency may be varied (frequency pulling) is inversely proportional to the capacitance ratio r(C〇 /Ci).

Load Capacitance

Many practical oscillator circuits make use of a load capacitor CL in series or parallel with the crystal, either in order to provide a means for final frequency adjustment, or perhaps for modulation or temperature compensation purposes. For the crystal load capacitance. We looking into the circuit through the two crystal terminals, the load capacitance need to specified when the crystal is paralleled mode, crystal load capacitance is calculated as below: 

Frequency Pulling

In many applications a variable capacitor (trimmer) is used as the load reactive element to adjust the frequency. The fractional frequency range available between specified values of this load reactive element is called the pulling range (PR.) and it can be calculated by using the following formula: 

Sensitivity

A useful parameter to the design engineer is the pulling sensitivity (S) at a specified value of load capacitance. It is defined as the incremental fractional frequency change for an incremental change in load capacitance. It is normally expressed in ppm/pF (10-6/pF) and can be calculated from the formula: 

It is very important to define the mean load capacitance to enable the actual crystal frequency be set within the tolerances of the specified nominal frequency. It is also important to use, wherever possible, standard values of load capacitance; for example:20pF, 30pF.

Fig-3 shows the relationship between LO.; P.R. and S. 

Frequency Pulling Calculation

An approximation to the pulling for any crystal can be calculated from this simple formula:

Resistance

The equivalent circuit of the crystal has one other important parameter: This is Ri, the motional resistance. This parameter controls the Q of the crystal unit and will define the level of oscillation in any maintaining circuit. The load resonance for a given crystal unit depends upon the load capacitance with which that unit is intended to operate. The frequency of oscillation is the same in either series or parallel connection of the load capacitance.

If the external capacitance is designated the load resonance resistance may be calculated as follows:

The equivalent shunt or parallel resistance at load resonance frequency is approximately: 

It should be remembered that Ri does not change thus the effective parameters of any user network can be readily calculated.

Frequency Temperature Characteristics

The AT-cut crystal has a frequency temperature characteristic which may be described by a cubic function of temperature. This characteristic can be precisely controlled by small variations in the exact angle at which the crystal blank is cut from the original quartz bar. Fig,4 illustrates some typical cases. This cubic behaviour is in contrast to most other crystal cuts, which have parabolic temperature characteristics.

As a consequence, the AT-cut is generally the best choice when specifying a unit to operate over a wide temperature range, and is available in a range of frequencies from 1 to 200 MHz.

石英晶体振荡器是用于生产振动的电路，由于振荡器的频率决定元件所包含的一个石英晶体振荡器，石英晶体振荡器可说服它们的频率精度和频率稳定性。实际上，这些电路经常被用作无线电，处理器和微控制的时钟。此外，大家可以在石英表中找到它们。因此石英和石英晶体振荡器被认为是数据传输和电信中频率控制的最重要组成部分，这也并不奇怪，因为它们的主要优点包括高谐振质量，大量振荡器选择和高频率性。

于对用于测量设备，卫星导航设备或者电信设备而言，由于价格敏感，振荡器的要注主要取决于频率，稳定性，外壳类型，输出信号和温度范围。例如，仪表，卫星导航设备或电信设备等专业应用对内置振荡器有更高的要求。包括具有良好的稳定性。低相位噪声和长寿命。为了实现这一点，所使用的石英还必须具有改进的老化性能，以实现相应的整体性能。为了最小化初始老化效应，所有振荡器都需要经历所谓的预老化过程，因此，只有在运行了几天后才能达到最终的稳定性。

KVG QUARTZ CRYSTAL TECHNOLOGY GMBH公司成立于1946年.在第二次世界大战结束后不久,物理学家库尔特·克林林创建了KVG公司. 不久后KVG公司就迁往内卡比绍夫斯海姆, 也就是现在KVG总公司所在地. 在1996年，KVG成为美国Dover有限公司在欧洲的晶体与晶体振荡器产品的合作伙伴。 1997年，晶体陶瓷在OCXOs和精准晶体的生产中被实际使用, 从而闻名世界. 

从2002年起,KVG再次成为独立公司. 新的公司领导者曼弗雷德·克利姆和格尔德克劳斯科夫先生都是在这行业具有多年的经验. 

以下是KVG晶振公司的发展历史。

KVG公司的发展史展现了晶体产品生产技术持续更新发展的过程：

· 1963 KVG使用合成晶体材料.

· 1964 研发和生产晶体滤波器.

· 1968 生产温度补偿晶振TCXOs.

· 1970 晶体生产中的直接溅镀.

· 1971 整块晶体滤波器的生产.

· 1972 生产凸面性晶体晶片.

· 1974 引进射线测量技术用于切割面角度的测定.

· 1979 以电脑为后台的晶体温度测定.

· 1981 以计算机为支持的TCXO的生产.

· 1983 KVG研发基于晶体的传感器和研发OCXOs.

· 1987 基于计算机控制的质量管理体系.

· 1988 SMD组件的自动装备机.

· 1993 622.08MHz的VCXOs.

· 1994 建立产品线，以HFF为晶体基座，最大振动频率达到200MHz.

· 1994 用SC-晶体生产OCXOs.

· 1995 使用镭射技术进行晶振的频率协调.

· 1997 生产 SMD OCXOs系列的 OCXO-6000.

· 1998 生产ASIC-TCXOs.

· 1999 用HFF晶体生产VCXOs.

· 2000 建立新生产，用于生产精准晶体的产品系列.

· 2002 KVG重塑独立实体.

· 2003 在晶体振荡器中使用电子谐频.

· 2005 设计出低相噪OCXO.

· 2007 设计出航天级的晶体.

· 2008 设计出航天级的晶体振荡器.

· 2009 建成新的生产设备.

· 2010 KVG重组了晶体和振荡器生产工厂.

· 2010 设计出抗冲击振动 OCXOs.

· 2011 空间晶体得到欧洲航天局的资格认证.

· 2013 以晶体振荡器XO和VCXO成为欧洲航天局的资格供应商.

· 2014 采用机械阻尼OCXO模块.

· 2015 设计出超低相躁RF-OCXO和抗冲击振动OCXO.

在恒温晶振的领域内的新设计，如提高抗冲击振动技术，新的RF TCXO和OCXO,使得在晶体和晶体振荡器的领域再次设定了标准.

FOX CRYSTAL晶振公司成立于1979年，美国福克斯晶振电子有限公司总部位于美国的佛罗里达州的迈尔斯堡。福克斯电子公司的成立使得该公司成为美国领先的高精度，高可靠性的频率元器件制造供应商。按当时的情况来看，FOX晶振公司还是处于一个小型的家族式石英晶体和振荡器的供应商。

美国FOX晶振公司在过去的32年中持续增长，其中一个重要因素离不开其研发部门。福克斯晶振的工程师开发出了几百种产品，而且这些产品为晶体和振荡器的性能，精度以及可靠性带来了认可的新标准。并可以不断的增长业务的需求，缩短了交付晶体的周期。

FOX CRYSTAL Crystal Company was founded in 1979, and Fox Crystal Electronics Co., Ltd. is headquartered in Fort Myers, Florida, USA. The establishment of Fox Electronics has made the company a leading supplier of high-precision, high-reliability frequency components in the United States. According to the situation at the time, FOX Crystal is still a supplier of small family quartz crystals and oscillators.

The US FOX Crystal Company has continued to grow over the past 32 years, and one of the important factors is inseparable from its R&D department. Engineers at Fox Crystal have developed hundreds of products that bring new standards of acceptance for the performance, accuracy and reliability of crystals and oscillators. And can continue to grow business needs, shortening the cycle of delivering crystals.

关于HOSONIC鸿星晶振公司可能挺多人也知道，HOSONIC CRYSTAL鸿星晶振股份有限公司成立于1979年在台湾设立登记成立公司，登记的资本为新台币200万元。公司成立之后便于台湾投入石英晶体研发制造.1994年新增资本3400万元，开始大力研发生产石英晶体振荡器，石英晶振，贴片晶振，压控振荡器的研发生产。

About HOSONIC CRYSTAL Company may know that HOSONIC CRYSTAL was established in 1979 to establish a registered company in Taiwan with a registered capital of NT$2 million. After the establishment of the company, it is convenient for Taiwan to invest in the research and development of quartz crystal. In 1994, the company added 34 million yuan of capital, and began to vigorously research and develop the production and production of quartz crystal oscillator, quartz crystal oscillator, patch crystal oscillator and voltage controlled oscillator.

台湾NSK晶振公司不仅生产石英晶振,石英晶体谐振器,晶体振荡器,温补晶振,压控晶体,还生产陶瓷谐振器(Ceramic Resonator),陶瓷滤波器(Ceramic Filter),ZTA陶瓷晶振,ZTT陶瓷晶振,3.58M,6M,4M,8M,16M,24M,27M频率均有现货供应.ZTA晶振可从低频1M到50MHZ,主要应用于电视遥控器,风扇遥控器,USB,鼠标等产品.

NSK Ceramic Resonator

	NRA ZTA/ MG, MT, MX	DIP	1.8 MHz to 50.0 MHz	10.0*5.0*10.0

	NRE ZTTCV MT, MX	SMD	8.0 to 50 MHz	3.7*3.1*1.2

	NRE ZTTCS MT, MX	SMD	7.0 to 50 MHz	4.7*4.1*1.6

	NRE ZTTCC MG	SMD	2 to 6.99 MHz	7.4*3.4*1.8

	NRD ZTACV MT, MX	SMD	8.0 to 50 MHz	3.7*3.1*1.2

	NRD ZTACS MT, MX	SMD	7.0 to 50 MHz	4.7*4.1*1.6

	NRD ZTACC MG	SMD	2.0 to 6.99 MHz	7.4*3.4*1.8

	NRT ZTT/ MG, MT, MX	DIP	1.8 MHz to 50 MHz	10.0*5.0*10.0

NSK Ceramic Filter

陶瓷滤波器LT4.5MB,LT5.5MB,LT6.5MB可以免提提供样品测试,陶瓷滤波器主要应用于TV/VCR产品等.L10.7M陶瓷滤波器均可在线供应.

	NRF LT4.5MB	DIP	4.43MHz to 6.5MHz	5*3.2

	NRF LTCA/CV	SMD	10.7MHz	6.9*2.9*1.5

	NRF JT4.5MD	DIP	4.5MHz to 6.5MHz	9.0*5.0*10.0

	NRF JT4.5MC	DIP	4.5MHz to 6.5MHz	9.0*5.0*10.0

NRF JT10.7M

SMD

10.7MHz

9.0*5.0*7.0

Taiwan NSK Crystal Co., Ltd. not only produces quartz crystal oscillator, quartz crystal resonator, crystal oscillator, temperature-compensated crystal oscillator, voltage-controlled crystal, but also ceramic resonator (Ceramic Resonator), ceramic filter (Ceramic Filter), ZTA ceramic crystal, ZTT ceramic. Crystal oscillator, 3.58M, 6M, 4M, 8M, 16M, 24M, 27M frequency are available from stock. ZTA crystal oscillator can be used from low frequency 1M to 50MHZ, mainly used in TV remote control, fan remote control, USB, mouse and other products.

希華晶體公司眾所周知的是它是壹家臺灣品牌的晶體頻率元器件制造。關於希華晶體我們知道多壹點的就是SIWARD晶體公司是世界領先的石英晶振與晶體振蕩器的解決方案商之壹。為了滿足全球不斷增長對電信的需求，希華晶體也在做著不同的改變，希華晶體壹直在改進自身的生產技術以及服務質量。臺灣希華晶振公司成立於1988年，對全球的石英晶體，振蕩器以及濾波器的研發，生產與銷售。產品應用於移動通信，平板電腦，GPS定位系統，計算機時鐘等產品。

系列 照片 尺寸 频率范围 STB-2520 2.5 x 2.0 x 0.8 16~52 MHz STB-3225 3.2 x 2.5 x 0.9 8~52 MHz TXO83 5.0 x 3.2 x 1.05 6~45 MHz STO-2520B 2.5 x 2.0 x 0.9 3.2~55 MHz STO-3225B 3.2 x 2.5 x 1.0 2.5~55 MHz STO-5032B 5.0 x 3.2 x 1.05 2.5~55 MHz STO-7050B 7.0 x 5.0 x 1.4 2.5~55 MHz STO-2016A 2.0 x 1.6 x 0.8 16.368~33.6 MHz STO-2520A 2.5 x 2.0 x 0.8 16.368~38.4 MHz STO-3225A 3.2 x 2.5 x 1.0 16.368~27.456 MHz

系列 照片 尺寸 频率范围 STV-2520 2.5 x 2.0 x 0.8 16~52MHz STV-3225 3.2 x 2.5 x 0.9 8~52 MHz VTX83 5.0 x 3.2 x 1.05 6~45 MHz

系列 照片 尺寸 频率范围 SCV-3225 3.2 x 2.5 x 0.9 1.5~54 MHz VCX95 5.0 x 3.2 x 1.1 1.5~61.440 MHz VCX91 7.0 x 5.0 x 1.6 1.5~54 MHz VCX92 7.0 x 5.0 x 1.6 1.5~54 MHz

SIWARD Crystal Company is well known for its manufacture of crystal frequency components under one Taiwan brand. We know that SIWARD Crystal is one of the world's leading quartz oscillator and crystal oscillator solutions. In order to meet the growing global demand for telecommunications, SIWARD Crystal is also making different changes. Sihua Crystal has been improving its production technology and service quality. Taiwan SIWARD CRYSTAL Co., Ltd. was founded in 1988. It develops, produces and sells quartz crystals, oscillators and filters all over the world. Products used in mobile communications, tablet computers, GPS positioning systems, computer clocks and other products.

每天都会接到很多晶振客户的询盘,有的是工厂采购,有的是贸易商采购,有的是EMS代工厂采购员等等.每天都有上百个咨询石英晶振参数报价及拿货订货.也有很多客户经常会"一问三不知",什么是一问三不知,就是我们石英晶振销售人员口中经常说的参数,尺寸,封装.并不是每一个来咨询问料的客户都是能很清楚明白的知道晶振都有哪些参数.这也跟专业性有关吧,毕竟我们是专业做晶振这一块的,对于刚接触晶振的采购人员来说就是一个未知领域,就像我一样,我从事石英晶振销售三年有余,虽然说是从事电子行业的人员,但我却对其它电子产品”一概不知”.什么电容电阻二三极管,到现在为止我都还不知道他们到底长啥样.虽然客户发过来的电路板上是会有这些产品出现,但我却认不出来.只能从板子里认出晶振,然后估出大概尺寸,看出哪个品牌.我们公司从事晶振行业18年有余,一直坚守晶振行业这个领域的事业.现在给大家介绍一下<什么是晶振的具体参数>,<晶振的专业术语>.

Every day, I receive a lot of enquiries from crystal customers, some are factory procurement, some are traders, some are EMS foundry buyers, etc. Every day, there are hundreds of consulting quartz crystal parameters and get orders. Many customers often "One question, three don't know", what is one question, three, I don't know, it is the parameters, size, and packaging that we often say in the quartz crystal sales staff. Not every customer who consults can know clearly what crystals are. Parameters. This is also related to professionalism. After all, we are specialized in crystal oscillators. It is an unknown field for purchasers who are just in contact with crystal oscillators. Like me, I have been engaged in the sales of quartz crystal oscillators for more than three years, although I am a person in the electronics industry, but I don’t know about other electronic products. I don’t know what capacitors and diodes are. So far, I don’t know how long they are. Although the customer’s board will be there. These products appear, but I can't recognize them. I can only recognize the crystal oscillator from the board, and then estimate the approximate size to see which brand. Our company is engaged in crystal oscillators. More than 18 years, we remain firmly committed to the cause of the crystal industry in this area and now tell you about .

首先就是我们经常有问到的,标准频率以及频率偏差也称之为精度.(Nominal Frequency and Tolerance)

The first is what we often ask. Standard frequency and frequency deviation are also called accuracy. (Nominal Frequency and Tolerance)

在正确的振荡线路匹配下,从振荡线路输出的频率称之为”公称频率”.石英晶体谐振器的频率通常都是以兆赫兹(MHZ)或者千赫兹(KHZ)来表示.而频率偏差则是在实际批量生产及振荡线路应用上,产品在室内环境25度中都会有一些相对于中心频率的频率误差.这一类的频率容许误差的最大散布值,一般是有ppm(parts per million)或者%(percent)来表示.

Under the correct oscillating line matching, the frequency output from the oscillating line is called the “nominal frequency.” The frequency of the quartz crystal resonator is usually expressed in megahertz (MHZ) or kilohertz (KHZ). The frequency deviation is In actual mass production and oscillating line applications, the product will have some frequency error relative to the center frequency in the indoor environment of 25 degrees. The maximum dispersion value of this type of frequency tolerance is generally ppm (parts per million). Or %(percent) to indicate.

其次就是石英晶振的基本波振荡和倍频振荡模态简称”泛音振动”. (Fundamental and Overtone Vibrations Mode)

The second is the fundamental wave oscillation of the quartz crystal oscillator and the frequency doubling oscillation mode referred to as "overtone vibration". (Fundamental and Overtone Vibrations Mode)

AT切割型的石英晶振主要以厚度剪切振荡模式存在,高次谐振动波与电极区域之间的基本振动共存.由于两个电极的极性相反,在压电石英晶体谐振器中只能激发奇数谐波振动.

The AT-cut quartz crystal oscillator mainly exists in the thickness shear oscillation mode, and the high-order harmonic vibration wave coexists with the basic vibration between the electrode regions. Since the polarities of the two electrodes are opposite, only the piezoelectric quartz crystal resonator can be excited. Odd harmonic vibration.

再然后就是相当主要的负载电容了(Load capacitance),负载电容CL是振荡器通过谐振器两端观察电路时所呈现出的电容量,负载电容形式上与谐振器串联或者并联,对于并联负载情况,CL的存在将影响并联谐振频率,而并联负载谐振频率FL由下面工式给出,所以在咨询型号参数的时候,这个参数必需是客户指定参数.

Then there is a fairly large load capacitance. The load capacitance CL is the capacitance that the oscillator exhibits when observing the circuit through the resonator. The load capacitance is in series or parallel with the resonator. For parallel load conditions. The presence of CL will affect the parallel resonant frequency, and the parallel load resonant frequency FL is given by the following equation, so when consulting the model parameters, this parameter must be the customer-specified parameter.

在晶振购买过程中，这些参数都是用得较多的几个参数了.其实还有很多参数还没介绍完,明日再继续更新最新的晶振参数说明.希望可以帮助那些想要了解晶振,并且采购晶振的客户去了解更多的信息资料.

世界上第一块石英表的实际应用与音叉石英晶振的开发是不少工程师所流下的血液，汗水以及眼泪的结晶.随着时间慢慢的推移,石英晶振产品不断的连接着电视,电脑,手机,手表等慢慢靠近着我们的生活.渐渐的这些石英晶振产品已发展成电子行业不可或缺的固定产品.甚至被称为”工业之盐”,电子产品的”心脏”.这些石英晶振最早主由EPSON TOYOCOM公司生产制作而成.

The practical application of the world's first quartz watch and the development of the tuning fork quartz crystal oscillator are the crystallization of blood, sweat and tears that many engineers shed. As time goes by, quartz crystal products are continuously connected to TVs and computers. Mobile phones, watches, etc. are slowly approaching our lives. Gradually these quartz crystal products have developed into indispensable fixed products for the electronics industry. They are even called "the salt of industry", the "heart" of electronic products. These quartz crystal oscillators The earliest production was produced by EPSON TOYOCOM.

QMEMS(Quartz+”MEMS”)是促进MEMS(微电子机械系统)晶体材料微加工工艺独特技术的名称,是EPSON TOYOCOM公司产品的主要核心技术.通过充分利用这项技术的优势可以为石英晶体器件实现更小巧的尺寸及更好的性能.QMEMS技术的起源可以追溯到20世纪70年代初.

QMEMS (Quartz+ "MEMS") is the name of a unique technology that promotes micromachining of MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) crystal materials. It is the main core technology of EPSON TOYOCOM. By taking advantage of this technology, it can be realized for quartz crystal devices. Smaller size and better performance. The origins of QMEMS technology can be traced back to the early 1970s.

1969年，在日本中部的苏瓦湖岸边，当地的一家公司悄然成功地将世界上第一块石英晶振手表变成了现实 - “精工石英天文35Q”（图1），这一事件让世界措手不及。

In 1969, on the shores of Lake Suva in central Japan, a local company quietly succeeded in turning the world's first quartz watch into reality - "Seiko Quartz Astronomy 35Q" (Figure 1), an event that caught the world off guard. .

这真是一个划时代的突破。在此之前，石英钟表虽然非常精确，但却非常大，以至于不能轻易携带，而是采用箱形钟表的形式悬挂在墙壁上。虽然机械手表当然已经存在，但这些并不精确。需要一个创新的解决方案来解决更好的精度和更紧凑的尺寸的双重问题，全球各地的公司都在1960年代中后期进行无情竞争以找到一个问题。

This is really an epoch-making breakthrough. Prior to this, quartz clocks, although very precise, were so large that they could not be easily carried, but were suspended from the wall in the form of a box-shaped clock. Although mechanical watches certainly exist, these are not precise. An innovative solution is needed to solve the double problem of better precision and more compact size, and companies around the world have ruthlessly competed in the mid to late 1960s to find a problem.

图1：世界上第一块石英手表'精工石英Astron 35Q'
注：这些电影是使用YouTube™提供的。
YouTube是Google Inc.的商标

图2：Quartz Astron开发之前的晶体单元这是
在Quartz Astron到来之前实际使用的晶体单元
类型的一个例子。虽然看起来很大，长约50毫
米，但它实际上是当时最小的水晶单元之一.

它是精工苏瓦株式会社，苏瓦湖岸边，它正悄悄地控制着这个发展的竞争对手。使精工苏瓦株式会社领先其竞争对手的因素之一是该公司成功地使晶体单元更加紧凑。传统的水晶装置尺寸非常大，无法装入手表般小的东西（图2）。精工苏瓦株式会社通过采用称为“音叉晶体”的新结构解决了这个问题。新开发的'Cal.35SQ'型尺寸*晶体单元的直径为4.3mm×长度为18.5mm（图3）。此外，精工苏瓦株式会社还能够调整水晶单元的内部结构，以便克服腕表连接在佩戴者手腕上时经常受到的振动和撞击所引起的问题。

It is Seiko Suva Co., on the shores of Lake Suva, and it is quietly controlling this growing competitor. One of the factors that led Seiko Suva to lead its competitors was the company's success in making crystal units more compact. The traditional crystal device is very large in size and cannot be loaded into a watch-like thing (Fig. 2). Seiko Suva solved this problem by adopting a new structure called "tuning fork crystal". The newly developed 'Cal.35SQ' size* crystal unit has a diameter of 4.3 mm and a length of 18.5 mm (Fig. 3). In addition, Seiko Suva can adjust the internal structure of the crystal unit to overcome the problems caused by vibrations and impacts that are often encountered when the watch is attached to the wearer's wrist.

*此时公司开发的音叉式水晶单元用于Suwa Seikosha内部制造的手表。因此，“我们没有给他们一个特定的产品型号，只是通过他们的机芯名称或手表的操作机制（Calibre，或'Cal。'）来提及它们，”Mutsumi Negita说。

* At this time, the company's tuning fork crystal unit was used for watches made inside Suwa Seikosha. Therefore, "we didn't give them a specific product model, just mention them by their movement name or the operating mechanism of the watch (Calibre, or 'Cal.')," Mutsumi Negita said.

图3：Quartz Astron中使用的音叉晶体单元
采用新开发的音叉结构，使Suwa Seikosha能够成功制造出更小的晶体单元，半径仅为4.3mm，长度为18.5mm。它被分配了型号“Type Cal.35SQ”并且具有8.192kHz的正常频率。

Figure 3: Tuning fork crystal unit used in Quartz Astron
With the newly developed tuning fork structure, Suwa Seikosha was able to successfully manufacture smaller crystal units with a radius of only 4.3 mm and a length of 18.5 mm. It is assigned the model "Type Cal.35SQ" and has a normal frequency of 8.192 kHz.

日本精工爱普生晶振公司成立于1942年5月,迄今为止已经成了晶振行业较出名的进口晶振品牌,日本爱普生晶振,KDS大真空晶振,SEIKO精工晶振,KYOCERA晶振,NDK晶振均是日系较大晶振品牌供应商.市场竞争力比较大,各大进口晶振品牌制造商也不断的研发生产新产品. 

Japan Seiko Epson Crystal Co., Ltd. was established in May 1942. So far, it has become a well-known imported crystal brand in the crystal industry. Japan Epson crystal oscillator, KDS large vacuum crystal oscillator,Seiko crystaloscillator, KYOCERA crystal oscillator, NDK crystal oscillator are Japanese large crystal oscillators. Brand suppliers. The market competitiveness is relatively large, and the major imported crystal brand manufacturers are constantly developing and producing new products.

就在2014年3月26日,爱普生晶振公司推出SG7050EBN晶振.这款石英晶体振荡器型号是下一代的差分输出晶振(差分信号手于高频时钟和数据信号,以实现良好的信号完整性和高抗噪性.如:高精度,高温度,低抖动,低功耗).可实现极低的相位抖动(时钟周期之前的波动,这可能导致数据传输期间的们错误).

On March 26, 2014, Epson Crystal Corporation introduced the SG7050EBN crystal. This quartz crystal oscillator model is the next generation of differential output crystal (differential signal hands on high frequency clock and data signals for good signal integrity and High noise immunity. For example: high precision, high temperature, low jitter, low power consumption. It can achieve extremely low phase jitter (fluctuations before the clock cycle, which may cause errors during data transmission).

SG7050EBN晶振的频率范围在100~175MHZ之间,可以实现65fs的相位抖动.些性能适用于数据中心和中心局使用的1040和100千兆位以太网互连.SG7050EBN晶振将用于有线网络设备使用,包括运营商和企业,如高端路由器和交换机.

The SG7050EBN crystal has a frequency range of 100 to 175 MHz and can achieve phase jitter of 65 fs. These features are suitable for 1040 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet interconnections used in data centers and central offices. The SG7050EBN crystal oscillator will be used for wired network equipment. , including operators and enterprises, such as high-end routers and switches.

SG7050EBN采用专为低噪声设计的振荡器IC和采用爱普生专用QMEMS(QMEMS结合了”石英”,一种具有出色稳定性和精度的压电晶体材料,以采用微制造技术设计的”MEMS”微机系统.结合了MEMS技术的优势和石英材料的基本优势.也是精工爱普生晶振公司注册的商标)工艺制造的高频基波(HFF)AT切晶体(HFF晶体单元是通过光刻工艺蚀刻成倒置台面形状并以高基频振荡的晶体芯片).实现65fs相位抖动.爱普生的HFF晶体技术比传统的三次谐波晶体更加可靠.爱普生晶振公司后续也打算通过逐步发布支持HCSL和LVDS输出标准的新产品来解决网络设备中使用的各种差分输出格式.EPSON晶振致力于提高客户的设计自由度,采用高度紧凑的5032(5.0*3.2*1.0mm)封装.

The SG7050EBN uses an oscillator IC designed for low noise and a QMEMS (QMEMS combined with quartz), a piezoelectric crystal material with excellent stability and precision, and a "MEMS" microcomputer system designed with micro-fabrication technology. Combines the advantages of MEMS technology with the basic advantages of quartz materials. It is also a trademark of Seiko Epson Crystal Co., Ltd.) Processed high-frequency fundamental (HFF) AT-cut crystal (HFF crystal unit is etched into an inverted mesa shape by photolithography and High-frequency oscillation crystal chip). Realize 65fs phase jitter. Epson's HFF crystal technology is more reliable than traditional third-harmonic crystal. Epson Crystal's follow-up is also intended to solve network equipment by gradually releasing new products supporting HCSL and LVDS standards. Various differential output formats used in the EPSON crystal oscillator are dedicated to improving the customer's design freedom in a highly compact 5032 (5.0*3.2*1.0mm) package.

美国ILSI Crystal高温汽车频率控制石英晶振产品具有AEC-Q200认证和PPAP I级，II级和III级文档。艾尔西晶振产品符合AEC-Q200认证,晶体产品采用领先的表面贴装封装配置,可提供各种频率,频率容差和极高的稳定性,工作温度范围宽可高达-40~+125度.汽车级频率控制产品适用于工业市场和汽车市场中的许多客户，因为这些产品满足汽车应用中极端恶劣环境的最严格要求。

The US ILSI Crystal high temperature automotive frequency control quartz crystal product has AEC-Q200 certification and PPAP Class I, Class II and Class III documentation. Elsie Crystal products are AEC-Q200 compliant, and crystal products are available in leading surface mount packages that offer a wide range of frequencies, frequency tolerances and high stability over a wide operating temperature range of -40 to +125 degrees. Automotive-grade frequency control products are suitable for many customers in the industrial and automotive markets, as these products meet the most stringent requirements of extreme environments in automotive applications.

图片	型号	系列	尺寸	厚度	频率	规格书
	IXA24	SMD	3.2 x 1.5	0.9	32.768kHz
	IXA14	SMD	2.5 x 2.0	0.65	12MHz - 54MHz
	IXA20	SMD	5.0 x 3.2	0.85	7.6MHz - 54MHz
	IXA18	SMD	5.0 x 3.2	1.1	7.6MHz - 54MHz
	IXA16	SMD	3.2 x 2.5	0.8	8MHz - 66MHz
	IXA12	SMD	2.0 x 1.6	0.55	16MHz - 54MHz
	IXA10	SMD	1.6 x 1.2	0.4	24MHz - 50MHz

汽车级ILSI晶振可提供LVCMOS输出振荡器,汽车级系列石英晶体振荡器适合在极端的环境下正常工作.

Automotive grade ILSI crystal oscillators are available with LVCMOS output oscillators, and automotive grade quartz crystal oscillators are ideal for operation in extreme environments.

图片	型号	输出方式	封装	尺寸	厚度	频率范围	规格书
	ISA20	LVCMOS	SMD	5.0 x 3.2	1.3	1MHz - 156.25MHz
	ISA16	LVCMOS	SMD	3.2 x 2.5	1.1	1MHz - 156.25MHz
	ISA12	LVCMOS	SMD	2.5 x 2.0	1.0	1MHz - 60MHz
	ISA11	LVCMOS	SMD	2.0 x 1.6	0.8	2.5MHz - 60MHz

ILSI石英晶振产品具有压电特性,采用表面贴片式器件（SMD）通孔，金属罐和陶瓷封装配置。石英晶体及电压石英晶振是目前使用最常见的压电谐振器类型。石英晶振水晶产品可根据客户需要提供定制的标准频率，具有严格的稳定性和低有效串联电阻（ESR）等定制参数，并可根据客户提供要求定制.

产品图	规格型号	封装	尺寸	高度	频率	规格书
	IXA24	SMD	3.2 x 1.5	0.9	32.768kHz
	IXA14	SMD	2.5 x 2.0	0.65	12MHz - 54MHz
	IXA20	SMD	5.0 x 3.2	0.85	7.6MHz - 54MHz
	IXA18	SMD	5.0 x 3.2	1.1	7.6MHz - 54MHz
	IXA16	SMD	3.2 x 2.5	0.8	8MHz - 66MHz
	IXA12	SMD	2.0 x 1.6	0.55	16MHz - 54MHz
	IXA10	SMD	1.6 x 1.2	0.4	24MHz - 50MHz
	HC49U	LEADED	4.7 x 11.1	13.45	1.3MHz - 160MHz
	IL3W	SMD	1.0 x 1.6	0.5	32.768kHz
	HC49USM4	SMD	4.8 x 12.5	4.5或5.2	3.2MHz - 100MHz
	IL3R	SMD	1.4 x 7.0	1.4	32.768kHz的
	ILCX21	SMD	1.0 x 1.2	0.33	36MHz - 80MHz
	IL3T	SMD	1.2 x 2.0	0.6	32.768kHz
	ILCX20	SMD	1.2 x 1.6	0.4	26MHz - 60MHz
	39	LEADED	3.2 x 10.5	10.5	3MHz - 100MHz
	38/26/15	LEADED	3/2/1 x 8/6/5	请参阅部件号指南	30kHz - 192kHz
	UM1 / UM4 / UM5	LEADED	3.2 x 8.0	请参阅部件号指南	7MHz - 160MHz
	HC49US	LEADED	4.7 x 11.1	请参阅部件号指南	3.2MHz - 100MHz
	ILCX19	SMD	2.0 x 1.6	0.55	16MHz - 72MHz
	ILCX18	SMD	2.0 x 2.5	0.55	12MHz - 80MHz
	ILCX13	SMD	2.5 x 3.2	0.9	10MHz - 150MHz
	ILCX10	SMD	5.0 x 7.0	1.3	6MHz - 100MHz
	ILCX09	SMD	3.5 x 6.0	1.1	8MHz - 100MHz
	ILCX08	SMD	3.5 x 6.0	1.1	8MHz - 100MHz
	ILCX07	SMD	5.0 x 3.2	1.0	8MHz - 150MHz
	ILCX04	SMD	5.0 x 7.0	1.3	6MHz - 150MHz
	ILCX03	SMD	3.2 x 5.0	1.3	10MHz - 100MHz
	IL3Y	SMD	1.5 x 4.1	0.9	32.768kHz
	IL3X	SMD	1.5 x 3.2	0.9	32.768kHz
	IL3M	SMD	3.8 x 8.0	2.5	32.768kHz
	HC49USM	SMD	4.7 x 13.0	请参阅部件号指南	3.2MHz - 100MHz

ILSIcrystal products have piezoelectric properties and are available in surface mount devices (SMD) vias, metal cans and ceramic packages. Quartz crystals and voltage quartz crystals are the most common types of piezoelectric resonators currently in use. Quartz crystal crystal products can be customized according to customer's needs, with strict stability and low effective series resistance (ESR) and other custom parameters, and can be customized according to customer requirements.

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