The Connor-Winfield Corporation is a privately held, US based electronic product manufacturer. After incorporation in 1963, Connor-Winfield focused primarily on designing and manufacturing quartz based timing circuits and oscillators for use in a wide variety of electronics applications. In the 1990's, Connor-Winfield expanded into other product areas while maintaining a continued focus on its core timing roots.

Connor-Winfield's frequency control products are used in a wide variety of applications including telecommunications, LAN and WAN products, computer, and other microprocessor and electronic equipment. We specialize in designing custom and semi-custom frequency control products but also offer a broad line of standard oscillator products and non-crystal based oscillators.

自1881年成立以来，精工推出了一款又一款革命性的产品，包括1913年日本首款腕表和1969年全球首款石英表。合并后的公司现在在广泛的领域开展业务，从手表到电子设备、半导体、眼镜、钟表和其他产品。这些个体企业中的每一个都致力于通过其业务联盟实现进一步的飞跃。

Since its founding in 1881, Seiko has introduced one revolutionary product after another, including the first wrist watch in Japan in 1913 and the first quartz watch in the world in 1969. The consolidated companies now operate in a broad range of fields, from watches to electronic devices, semiconductors, eyewear, clocks and other products. Each one of these individual businesses strives for further leaps forward through its business alliances.

ECS最新推出ECS-2012MV-327KE，是一款具有MultiVolt功能的2.0x1.2x0.85mm陶瓷封装，32.768K晶振 HCMOS振荡器。这种小型电子元器件提供低电流消耗和相对于未补偿晶体振荡器的改进的稳定性。

这些电子元件提供32.768kHz的频率，频率稳定度为10ppm，在-40°C至+85°C的标准工业工作温度下具有0.5A的低功耗。作为MultiVolt系列晶体振荡器的一部分，ECS-2012MV-327KE设计采用1.2V至5.5V的可变电源电压或标准1.8V、2.5V、3.0V或3.3V电源供电。该器件ECS-2012MV-327KE针对各种无补偿晶体振荡器提供更高的稳定性，是智能电表、可穿戴设备、工业和物联网应用的理想之选。

ECS晶振扩展了符合AEC-Q200标准的ECS-327ATQMV MultiVolt TM振荡器系列，增加了两个部件号，以涵盖更多应用。两个新的部件号是 ECS-327ATQMV-BP-TR，在 -40℃至+105℃下提供±50ppm的稳定性， ECS-327ATQMV-CN-TR 在 -40℃~ 85℃下提供±25ppm的稳定性。 

32.768kHz低功耗晶体振荡器ECS-327ATQMV-AS-TR适用于通用微处理器

爱普生X1G005471001100压控晶振具有LV-PECL差分输出,5032mm晶振

压控晶振(VCXO)是一种石英晶体振荡器，其振荡效率可以通过红外线加控制电压来改变或调制。它的振荡频率由晶体决定，频率可以通过控制电压在小范围内调节。VCXO多用于锁相技术和频率负反馈调制。通常，控制电压范围为0V至2V或0V至3V。VCXO的调谐范围为100ppm至200ppm。

日本进口爱普生晶振VG-4231CE，是一款VCXO压控晶体振荡器，频率范围:3MHz至50MHz*，*50MHz不包括在输出频率范围内，电源电压:3.3V(PSCM/CSCM)，2.8V(PSBM/CSBM)，1.8V (PQEM/CQEM)，频率控制范围:140×10-6 (*SCM/*SBM)，120×10-6 (*QEM)，低功耗:1.0mA(典型值)。(27M，3.3V)，小体积晶振尺寸:3.2x2.5mm，有源晶振，四脚贴片晶振，输出波形CMOS，无铅/符合欧盟RoHS指令，标准参考重量26毫克，具有超小型，轻薄型，低功耗，低抖动，低电源电压，低损耗，低耗能等特点，多用于锁相技术、频率负反馈系统和频率调制，已成为通信机、移动电话、寻呼机、全球定位系统(GPS)等许多电子应用系统必不可少的关键部件。

VG-4231CE编码Q3614CE00008200压控晶振多用于锁相技术和频率负反馈调制

1XXB24000MEA|DSB221SDN晶振|24M温补晶振

1XXB24000MEA晶振产品尺寸图

1XXB24000MEA晶振产品电气表

关于1XXB24000MEA|DSB221SDN晶振|24M温补晶振 产品安装的注意事项

终端/陆上布局/金属屏蔽孔

1端子A通孔不在底部（安装侧）。
2土地图案布局/金属掩模孔以下土地图案为参考设计。电气特性应满足安装在这片土地上的要求。在测试用地和安装用地不相连的范围内，可以改变接地方式。

对电特性没有任何影响。面罩厚度建议为0.12毫米。

1XXB38400MCB|KDS晶振|DSB221SDN晶振|温补晶振

1XXB38400MCB晶振产品尺寸图

1XXB38400MCB晶振产品电气表

关于1XXB38400MCB|KDS晶振|DSB221SDN晶振|温补晶振 产品安装的注意事项

终端/陆上布局/金属屏蔽孔

1端子A通孔不在底部（安装侧）。
2土地图案布局/金属掩模孔以下土地图案为参考设计。电气特性应满足安装在这片土地上的要求。在测试用地和安装用地不相连的范围内，可以改变接地方式。

对电特性没有任何影响。面罩厚度建议为0.12毫米。

FOX晶振生产的FK135系列，编码FK135EIHM0.032768-T3，两脚贴片晶振，频率32.768kHz，小体积无源晶振尺寸3.2x1.5mm表面贴装，石英晶体谐振器，ESR（等效串联电阻）:70kΩ，负载电容：12.5pF，频率容差±20ppm，工作温度：-40℃至+85℃，符合 RoHS/RoHS II标准，无铅 (Pb)

FOX晶振FK135系列编码FK135EIHM0.032768-T3是一款小体积无源晶振

伊利诺伊州莱尔–CTS公司（纽约证券交易所代码：CTS）宣布推出一款新的TCXO晶振，其工作频率为32.768kHz，适用于需要精密实时时钟参考的应用。TT32型四脚贴片晶振提供非常严格的频率稳定性，在-40℃至+85℃范围内为±5.0ppm，可在温度变化时保持准确的时间；与使用具有经典抛物线温度曲线、+25℃转换点和-0.035ppm/℃ 2温度系数的音叉谐振器的简单晶体器件相比。

CTS发布32.768kHz TCXO用于实时时钟应用,TC32M5I32K7680,低功耗晶振

我们的多输出和高度灵活的基于石英和MEMS的PureSilicon? 振荡器采用各种行业标准封装，可满足您的低功耗或低抖动应用的要求。使用我们的Clockworks ? 配置器和采样工具可以轻松地将您的振荡器定制为频率、温度、ppm和封装尺寸的任意组合，以满足您的应用要求。
Microchip的VT-701A系列温度补偿晶体振荡器 (TCXO) 是一款石英稳定、削波正弦波或CMOS输出、模拟温度补偿晶振，采用小体积尺寸7.0x5.0mm 密封陶瓷封装，采用2.5V或3.3V电源供电。
产品特点：
削波正弦波或CMOS输出
5MHz至52MHz输出频率
+/-50ppb温度稳定性
可选频率调谐
电源电压 2.5V,3.3V
最小输出频率 5MHz
最大输出频率 52MHz
输出逻辑 CMOS，削波正弦波

VT-701A系列VT-701A-HFE-507B-10M0000000可满足您的低功耗或低抖动应用的要求,温补晶体振荡器

大真空旗下两款基站用Oscillator性能详细剖析介绍.

DC7050AS和DSA/DSB535SGA是大真空旗下的可用于通信基站的石英晶振产品,其中DC7050AS是一款恒温晶振, DSA/DSB535SGA中DSA系列是压控温补晶振,DSB系列是温补晶振系列;对于通信基站来说,工作环境的复杂性决定了它所使用的晶体频控元件必须是能够承受复杂环境所带来的的影响.

The 'ageing' of a quartz crystal results in a small change of frequency over time and this effect may have to be taken into account by the customer when designing their circuit depending upon the overall specification that needs to be achieved. There are two main causes of ageing in quartz crystals, one due to mass-transfer and the other due to stress.

Mass-Transfer

Any unwanted contamination inside the device package can transfer material to or from the SMD CRYSTALcausing a change in the mass of the quartz blank which will alter the frequency of the device. For example, the conductive epoxy used to mount the quartz blank can produce 'out-gassing' which can create oxidising material within the otherwise inert atmosphere inside the sealed crystal package and so this production process must be well controlled. Ideally the manufacturing method is as clean as possible to negate any effects and give good ageing results.

Stress

This can occur within various components of the crystal from the processing of the quartz blank, the curing of the epoxy mounting adhesive, the crystal mounting structure and the type of metal electrode material used in the device.Heating and cooling also causes stress due to different expansion coefficients. Stress in the system usually changes over time as the system relaxes and this can cause a change in frequency.

Ageing in practice

When looking at example ageing test results of crystals,it can be seen that the change in frequency is generally greatest in the 1st year and decays away with time. It must be noted however that for example if a device is specified at ±5ppm max per year; it does not follow that the ageing after 5 yrs will be ±5ppm x 5yrs, i.e. ±25ppm. In practice,the example ±5ppm ageing device may be only ±1ppm to ±2ppm in the 1st year of operation and then reduces over subsequent years. It is common to use a general 'guide-rule' for crystal ageing of ±10ppm max over 10 years although in reality it is usually much less than this. It is impossible to predict the exact ageing of a device as even parts made at the same time and from the same batch of quartz will exhibit slightly different ageing characteristics.The production process must be consistent from part to part, from the manufacture of the quartz blank, the electrode size and its placement, to the epoxy used to mount the quartz and its curing thermal profile, all have a slight affect on frequency. Devices can age negatively or positively depending upon the internal causes although parts from one batch tend to follow similar results. Generally the ageing effect is negative in over 90% of parts manufactured.

Accelerated ageing

It is common industry practice to use an accelerated ageing process to predict long term frequency movement by soaking devices at elevated temperatures and measuring frequency movement at relevant intervals. It is normal to test crystals using a passive test (i.e. non-powered). The general rule used is that soaking a crystal at +85℃ for 30 days is equivalent to 1 year of ageing at normal room temperature. If this test is extended for enough time then the recorded data can be plotted graphically to enable via extrapolation, the prediction of future long term ageing.

Frequency adjustment

Note that the ageing of quartz effectively changes the frequency tolerance of the crystal and does not directly influence the stability of the quartz over temperature to any great degree as this parameter is dictated by the 'cut-angle' of the quartz used. If using quartz oscillators that have a voltage-control function such as VCXOs, TCXOs or OCXOs, the output frequency can be adjusted back to its nominally specified value.

Design

The engineer designing a circuit using either a crystal or oscillator will generally know what overall stability figure their equipment must meet over a particular time period.

As the tolerance and/or stability of a device decreases then the more important ageing becomes. For example using a TCXO at ±1ppm stability over temperature will require ageing to be kept to relatively small values. However, if the total frequency movement allowance of a design is for example ±200ppm and a device with a rating of ±100ppm is used then a small amount of ageing can effectively be ignored.

About Crystal parameters description,Crystal Project Name

AT Cut Crystals

For precise frequency control in radio and line communication systems, quartz crystal resonators have proved indispensable. The material properties of crystalline quartz are such that quartz resonators display stableness and Q factors that cannot be matched by other types of resonator over the frequency range from 1 MHz to 200 MHz.

Equivalent Circuit

Fig-1 shows the conventionally accepted equivalent circuit of a crystal resonator at a frequency near its main mode of vibration. The inductance LI reiperesents the vibrating mass, the series capacitance CL the compliance of the quartz element and the resistance Rl the internal frication of the element, mechanical losses in the mounting system and acoustical losses to the surrounding environment.

The shunt capacitance Co is made up of the static capacitance between the electrodes, togettier with stray capacitances of the mounting system. 

There are two zero-phase frequencies associated with this simple circuit, one is at series resonance fs, another at antiresonance fa. When used in an oscillator, crystal units will operate at any frequency within the broken lines of Fig-2 as determined by the phase of the maintaining circuit.

By changing of this reactive condition, the crystal frequency may be trimmed in a limited extent. The degree to which this frequency may be varied (frequency pulling) is inversely proportional to the capacitance ratio r(C〇 /Ci).

Load Capacitance

Many practical oscillator circuits make use of a load capacitor CL in series or parallel with the crystal, either in order to provide a means for final frequency adjustment, or perhaps for modulation or temperature compensation purposes. For the crystal load capacitance. We looking into the circuit through the two crystal terminals, the load capacitance need to specified when the crystal is paralleled mode, crystal load capacitance is calculated as below: 

Frequency Pulling

In many applications a variable capacitor (trimmer) is used as the load reactive element to adjust the frequency. The fractional frequency range available between specified values of this load reactive element is called the pulling range (PR.) and it can be calculated by using the following formula: 

Sensitivity

A useful parameter to the design engineer is the pulling sensitivity (S) at a specified value of load capacitance. It is defined as the incremental fractional frequency change for an incremental change in load capacitance. It is normally expressed in ppm/pF (10-6/pF) and can be calculated from the formula: 

It is very important to define the mean load capacitance to enable the actual crystal frequency be set within the tolerances of the specified nominal frequency. It is also important to use, wherever possible, standard values of load capacitance; for example:20pF, 30pF.

Fig-3 shows the relationship between LO.; P.R. and S. 

Frequency Pulling Calculation

An approximation to the pulling for any crystal can be calculated from this simple formula:

Resistance

The equivalent circuit of the crystal has one other important parameter: This is Ri, the motional resistance. This parameter controls the Q of the crystal unit and will define the level of oscillation in any maintaining circuit. The load resonance for a given crystal unit depends upon the load capacitance with which that unit is intended to operate. The frequency of oscillation is the same in either series or parallel connection of the load capacitance.

If the external capacitance is designated the load resonance resistance may be calculated as follows:

The equivalent shunt or parallel resistance at load resonance frequency is approximately: 

It should be remembered that Ri does not change thus the effective parameters of any user network can be readily calculated.

Frequency Temperature Characteristics

The AT-cut crystal has a frequency temperature characteristic which may be described by a cubic function of temperature. This characteristic can be precisely controlled by small variations in the exact angle at which the crystal blank is cut from the original quartz bar. Fig,4 illustrates some typical cases. This cubic behaviour is in contrast to most other crystal cuts, which have parabolic temperature characteristics.

As a consequence, the AT-cut is generally the best choice when specifying a unit to operate over a wide temperature range, and is available in a range of frequencies from 1 to 200 MHz.